In his book “Outliers”, author Malcolm Gladwell explains how “The kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of teamwork and communication” as opposed to mechanical causes. Also, they usually happen after a sequence of mistakes and misfortunes and rarely because of one event. Our respective cultures dictate how we work and communicate with others. Gladwell describes how communication is very formal in many places where there is a social hierarchy between the “inferior” and “superior” person having the conversation. (Think customer and waiter, accountant and CFO, and co-pilot and pilot.) Even though it’s a co-pilot’s role…



